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This release enables the Osaka (Fusaka) fork on testnets. We also enable two blob-parameter only (BPO) forks for the testnets.

- Holesky
  - Osaka at time `1759308480` (2025-10-01 08:48:00 UTC)
  - BPO1 at time `1759800000` (2025-10-07 01:20:00 UTC)
  - BPO2 at time `1760389824` (2025-10-13 21:10:24 UTC)

- Sepolia
  - Osaka at time `1760427360` (2025-10-14 07:36:00 UTC)
  - BPO1 at time `1761017184` (2025-10-21 03:26:24 UTC)
  - BPO2 at time `1761607008` (2025-10-27 23:16:48 UTC)

- Hoodi
  - Osaka at time `1761677592` (2025-10-28 18:53:12 UTC)
  - BPO1 at time `1762365720` (2025-11-05 18:02:00 UTC)
  - BPO2 at time `1762955544` (2025-11-12 13:52:24 UTC)

With BPO1 and BPO2, the blob capacity of these networks will increase as follows:

- BPO1: max blobs/block: `15`, target: `10`
- BPO2: max blobs/block: `21`, target: `14`

As of this release, the default block gas limit is set to **60M gas**.
This is the recommended limit that we, as client authors, feel comfortable with.

### CLI commands

- `geth snapshot` and related commands no longer fail due to not finding the trie journal file. (#32531)
- A regression in `geth snapshot dump` and `geth export-preimages` is resolved. (#32650)
- We have added an experimental zkVM 'guest program', `keeper`, to the source tree. (#32543, #32638, #32736)

### RPC

- `eth_call` and related operations were fixed to not apply the EIP-7825 per-transaction gas limit when executing under Osaka fork rules. (#32641)
- For `eth_getLogs` and other log filtering operations, it is now possible to configure the number of addresses allowed in the filter using the `--rpc.getlogmaxaddrs` flag. (#32327)
- Starting Geth with the `--state.size-tracking` option enables collection of precise state size numbers, which can be read using the `debug_stateSize` endpoint. (#32362)
- The new `debug_executionWitness` and `debug_executionWitnessByHash` methods create a block witness for stateless execution. (#32216)

### Tracing & ABIGEN

- There is a new `CodeChangeV2` hook, with a `CodeChangeReason` parameter. (#32525, #32535)
- In certain corner-cases related to SELFDESTRUCT, `OnBalanceChange` was not invoked. (#32526)
- `BoundContract` in `accounts/abi/bind/v2` now exposes an `Address` method. (#32559)

### Core

- The EVM MODEXP precompiled account has seen some optimizations to improve performance for worst-case inputs. We are especially grateful for @GottfriedHerold's work on improving the underlying math/big library. (#32527, #32553, #32568, #32576)
- The blobpool will now perform a migration to the v1 blob proof format around the time of the fork. (#31966, #32577, #32534, #32656, #32716)
- `engine_getBlobs` has been updated for improved spec compliance and to deal with the conversion of the blob tx proofs. (#32536, #32538, #32578)
- The path-based state database has seen some fixes to prevent database corruption, which could sometimes occur when Geth is terminated abnormally, e.g. by a short stop timeout in Docker. (#32557, #32447)
- All `engine` API operations, and `eth_config`, now support BPO-style forks. (#32589, #32615, #32636, #32579)
- This release includes some work towards supporting historical state proofs in the path-based archive node implementation. (#32418, #32523, #32649)
- Pebble stall counter are now correctly reported for each opened database. (#32563)

### Networking

- The node discovery iterator was updated to improved geth startup time and reactivity when the node table becomes empty. (#32517, #32518)
- A hang in the 'eth' protocol test suite was resolved. (#32551)

### Build

- The KZG proof libraries have been updated to the latest release to fix a vulnerability. Fortunately, the vulnerability would only have become usable after the Osaka fork, so there is no risk for users of current versions. (#32640, #32639)
- go-ethereum now requires Go 1.24 or later. (#32584, #32598)
- This release is built with Go 1.25.1 (#32593)
- execution-spec-tests has been bumped to v5.1.0 (#32592, #32742)